Achieving Rich and Active Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Heterostructures via Interface Engineering on 2D 1T‐MoS2 Quantum Sheets

Large‐scale production of hydrogen from water‐alkali electrolyzers is impeded by the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. The hybridization of an acid‐active HER catalyst with a cocatalyst at the nanoscale helps boost HER kinetics in alkaline media. Here, it is demonstrated that 1T–MoS₂ nanosheet edges (instead of basal planes) decorated by metal hydroxides form highly active ${\text{edge}}_{{\text{1T‐MoS}}_{\text{2}}}$/ ${\text{edge}}_{\text{Ni}{(\text{OH})}_{\text{2}}}$ heterostructures, which significantly enhance HER performance in alkaline media. Featured with rich ${\text{edge}}_{{\text{1T‐MoS}}_{\text{2}}}$/ ${\text{edge}}_{\text{Ni}{(\text{OH})}_{\text{2}}}$ sites, the fabricated 1T–MoS₂ QS/Ni(OH)₂ hybrid (quantum sized 1T–MoS₂ sheets decorated with Ni(OH)₂ via interface engineering) only requires overpotentials of 57 and 112 mV to drive HER current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm^?2, respectively, and has a low Tafel slope of 30 mV dec^?1 in 1 m KOH. So far, this is the best performance for MoS₂‐based electrocatalysts and the 1T–MoS₂ QS/Ni(OH)₂ hybrid is among the best‐performing non‐Pt alkaline HER electrocatalysts known. The HER process is durable for 100 h at current densities up to 500 mA cm^?2. This work not only provides an active, cost‐effective, and robust alkaline HER electrocatalyst, but also demonstrates a design strategy for preparing high‐performance catalysts based on edge‐rich 2D quantum sheets for other catalytic reactions.     

压水堆核电厂堆外源量程探测器计数率分析

压水堆核电厂启动过程中，次级中子源为堆外源量程探测器提供本底计数率，避免测量盲区，确保反应堆安全启动。但次级中子源的引入会为核电厂带来较大的经济和环境负担，同时也需承受次级中子源破损等带来的风险。为此，可使用受辐照燃料组件的自发裂变中子源进行替代，即无源启动方式。通过研究堆外源量程探测器计数率的理论计算方法，并基于运行电厂测量数据进行分析验证，为源量程探测器计数率的理论预估提供了较为完善的理论方法流程。本文结果可为无源启动源量程探测器计数率分析提供支持，同时也可用于次级中子源装载量或布置位置的优化分析等。     

植物基人造肉的营养特性与食用安全性

植物肉的出现为动物肉类食品供应短缺和养殖业环境污染问题带来希望。食品加工技术的快速发展弥补了植物基肉制品外观和口感的不足, 但其营养价值和安全性也应引起重视。本文综述了以植物蛋白为主要原料所制肉类替代品的营养价值, 包括植物肉中碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、水分、维生素和矿物质的相对含量和营养性质。分析了植物肉在生产及食用过程中可能出现的物理、化学、生物因素在内的安全问题, 并探讨目前植物肉发展所存在的局限性与挑战, 以期为我国植物蛋白肉制品的研发与推广提供理论参考。     

How Cells Communicate with Each Other in the Tumor Microenvironment: Suggestions to Design Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Disease

Connexin- and pannexin (Panx)-formed hemichannels (HCs) and gap junctions (GJs) operate an interaction with the extracellular matrix and GJ intercellular communication (GJIC), and on account of this they are involved in cancer onset and progression towards invasiveness and metastatization. When we deal with cancer, it is not correct to omit the immune system, as well as neglecting its role in resisting or succumbing to formation and progression of incipient neoplasia until the formation of micrometastasis, nevertheless what really occurs in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which are the main players and which are the tumor or body allies, is still unclear. The goal of this article is to discuss how the pivotal players act, which can enhance or contrast cancer progression during two important process: “Activating Invasion and Metastasis” and the “Avoiding Immune Destruction”, with a particular emphasis on the interplay among GJIC, Panx-HCs, and the purinergic system in the TME without disregarding the inflammasome and cytokines thereof derived. In particular, the complex and contrasting roles of Panx1/P2X7R signalosome in tumor facilitation and/or inhibition is discussed in regard to the early/late phases of the carcinogenesis. Finally, considering this complex interplay in the TME between cancer cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and focusing on their means of communication, we should be capable of revealing harmful messages that help the cancer growth and transform them in body allies, thus designing novel therapeutic strategies to fight cancer in a personalized manner.     

黏性土和纤维对风积沙改性土热膨胀特性的影响

风积沙改性土的热膨胀特性对评价风积沙改性土路基温度稳定性至关重要.通过在风积沙中掺入不同质量的水泥、黏性土或聚丙烯纤维制成不同配比的改性土,测试改性土的热膨胀系数,研究外加材料的掺入量对改性土热膨胀特性的影响.试验结果表明:改性土的平均线膨胀系数随着水泥掺入量的增加总体呈增大趋势,随着聚丙烯纤维掺入量的增加而减小,随着黏性土掺入量的增加而增大.聚丙烯纤维的掺入可有效降低改性土的热膨胀系数.研究成果可为进一步优化改性土提供研究方向,为高温差沙漠地区工程建设中风积沙改性土温度裂缝的控制提供试验依据.     

蓝藻基生物降解共混膜的力学性能

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和水华蓝藻为主要原料,通过溶液铺膜法制备了蓝藻/PVA共混膜,采用万能试验机,研究了不同助剂对蓝藻/PVA共混膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,蓝藻的添加显著降低了共混膜的力学性能。当添加比例为PVA的1/2时,膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别比无藻处理下降了65.89%和79.57%。甘油、尿素显著提升了蓝藻/PVA共混膜的断裂伸长率,当添加比例为蓝藻的1/2时,分别能使共混膜的断裂伸长率提高73.20倍和62.02倍。虽然柠檬酸、硅烷偶联剂能够提升蓝藻/PVA共混膜的拉伸强度,但只能在低剂量时促进断裂伸长率的小幅提高,当柠檬酸添加比例为蓝藻的1/40时,膜的断裂伸长率能提高4.41倍,而当硅烷偶联剂添加比例为蓝藻的1/20时,膜的断裂伸长率能提高1.49倍。尿素与甘油复合增塑,更有利于提升共混膜的断裂伸长率。硅烷偶联剂与甘油复合增塑,更有利于提升共混膜的拉伸强度。     

（S）-噻吗洛尔半水合物的合成及表征

为了开发β受体阻断剂新药（S）-噻吗洛尔半水合物，采用3-吗啉-4-氯-1，2，5-噻二唑为起始原料，经水解反应得到中间体1（3-吗啉-4-羟基-1，2，5-噻二唑）。中间体1与R-环氧氯丙烷发生醚化反应，经后处理及重结晶得到中间体2 {（R）-4-［4-（环氧乙烷-2-基甲氧基）-1，2，5-噻二唑-3-基］吗啉}。中间体2经胺化反应、马来酸成盐及重结晶得到（S）-马来酸噻吗洛尔。（S）-马来酸噻吗洛尔经游离、纯水转晶得到符合药典标准的（S）-噻吗洛尔半水合物，总收率14.05%且e.e.值为99.66%。最终成品经IR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、MS、TGA、DSC表征，并优化各步反应条件。结果表明:以三乙胺为醚化反应缚酸剂75 ℃反应最佳；以乙醇为胺化反应溶剂46 ℃反应16 h最佳；S-噻吗洛尔的转晶拆分以水作溶剂，比传统不对称合成工艺安全稳定，操作简单，适合工业化生产。     

面部运动单元检测研究综述

面部运动单元检测旨在让计算机从给定的人脸图像或视频中自动检测需要关注的运动单元目标。经过二十多年的研究，尤其是近年来越来越多的面部运动单元数据库的建立和深度学习的兴起，面部运动单元检测技术发展迅速。首先，阐述了面部运动单元的基本概念，介绍了已有的常用面部运动单元检测数据库，概括了包括预处理、特征提取、分类器学习等步骤在内的传统检测方法；然后针对区域学习、面部运动单元关联学习、弱监督学习等几个关键研究方向进行了系统性的回顾梳理与分析；最后讨论了目前面部运动单元检测研究存在的不足以及未来潜在的发展方向。